Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
Hi Kieth,
I certainly misunderstood some of the key concepts. After reviewing your posting and doing some other reading, I am beginning to understand better.
Hi - good stuff. That article you linked me to was a good one but unnecessarily complicated for what you need to know at this stage, which was basically about bass management in an AVR.
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
What I've learned so far (and I am sure I'll learn more soon :-)) :
1. The LFE channel is completely separated from the other audio information on DVD's, etc. It contains whatever information was placed there by the audio engineers, and is limited to 120Hz and below.
2. A separate LFE channel was needed so that extra gain could be applied to the information in this channel (10db according to the various audio standards) to provide the "punch" for explosions, etc.
3. Managing low frequencies in a multi-speaker HT setup adds additional complexity to the picture.
4. Since many HT speakers are not full range, a subwoofer is generally used to provide support for both the LFE effects channel and the lower frequencies present in the main audio channels.
5. The combination of LFE + low frequency management is called "bass management" by most folks.
6. The AV processor "usually" provides for complete bass management.
- It identifies the LFE channel audio and sends it to the subwoofer channel
- It also provides a crossover function to filter out low frequency information from the main audio channels and send that information to the subwoofer.
- This is usually accomplished with either digital or analog filters (low pass filter for the subwoofer and a high pass filter for the midrange and above for the main speakers). These filters are called crossovers in the audio industry.
- The appropriate amount of boost (or gain) is applied to the LFE channel information separately from the low frequency sounds obtained from the main channels.
You have been busy

Yes, you are pretty much on the money there.
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
1. The LFE channel contains information from 120Hz and below by design.
Yes.
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
2. What frequencies from the main channel end up at the subwoofer depends on the low pass crossover filter settings. And visa versa for the frequencies that get set to the main speakers.
Yes. In AVRs it's just called the 'crossover setting' - forget this low pass business - it will confuse people.
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
3. The AV receivers usually perform the crossover functions digitally. This typically yields a higher quality result as digital signal processing is not impacted by the parasitic elements in real world components that degrade the signals in analog crossovers. An example of unwanted parasitics are resistances inside capacitors (ESR), etc. If the receiver is performing the crossover filtering functionality, then the low pass filter (crossover) in the sub should be bypassed, or set to a frequency well above the crossover setting used in the receiver.
Yes.
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
So ... bass management is kind of ugly. One has to be very careful how the system is set up.
Yes, but it's fairly simple if the AVR has some sort of bass management, which I believe even the lowliest models do. Setting the crossovers can also be simplified by an automated room EQ system such as Audyssey MultEQ but that is another story

Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
For the specific example of Emotiva where the main speakers have a 2db roll-off point of 80 Hz, here is what I think the setup should look like if enough controls are available on the AV processor:
1. The subwoofer crossover should be bypassed so it can receive all LFE channel effects up to 120Hz.
Yes. Either set the switch on the sub to OFF or turn the knob to the highest setting.
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
2. The high pass crossover filters in the AV processor that handle the signals going to the main speaker channels should be set at 80 Hz. Ditto for the low pass filter for the main channel low frequencies that will be mixed with the LFE channel information and sent to the subwoofer.
Almost. You are right in principle but AVRs don't have High pass and Low Pass settings for this. They just have a setting called 'Crossover' and all you need top do is decide at which frequency you want the bass redirected to the subs. 80Hz is a good initial setting point for this for various reasons. Many prop,e just set 80Hz and forget it. Some experiment with slightly lower or higher settings.
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
3. The net result is that the signal to the subwoofer gets +10db on the 120Hz LFE channel information + additional low frequencies from the main channel set by the crossover cut-off frequency (which can be less than 120 hz ... for example ... 80hz to match the capabilities of the main speakers).
Yes!
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
The challenge here is that there will be a loss in signal gain in the region around 80Hz due to the filtering that is being applied in the crossovers. I.e. a dip in the complete full range audio response of the entire speaker system (20Hz to 20khz). If we plotted the frequency response graph for the entire speaker system (mains + subwoofer), we would see a dip in the 80 hz region. This is of course subject to room effects and might or might not been seen in an actual home setting. An equalizer could be used to pre-compensate for this dip.
This is theoretically true and, as you suggest, may nor may not be a problem in the real world. An auto-EQ system, if it is properly designed, like Audyssey MultEQ, will (should) take care of this. If not, and if the user has access to measuring gear, then some systems allow some tweaking of the curve here, but this is advanced stuff and forms a whole new subject of discussion

Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
Last comments:
Kieth, there is no difference between a crossover and a filter. A crossover "is" a filter.
Yes there is - a filter is 'half a crossover' if you like. As you know it is perfectly possible to stick a very Low Pass filter into a system to cut out really low, infra-bass frequencies (for example). Nothing there is being 'crossed over' - the frequency is simply being filtered, or attenuated if you will below the designed point of the LPF used. A crossover, by very definition of the word, splits a frequency range into two (at least) parts and 'crosses' some frequencies to one place and some to another, depending again on the designed notional frequency at which the XO operates.
I have snipped your comments about filter design as they are not really relevant to the discussion here, which is about bass management and the crossover frequency which needs to be set in an AVR to divert some of the bass from the mains to the sub.
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
Thanks a lot for your help Keith. I understand filter design very well (I have an electrical engineering background), but I had no familiarity with what was being done in the home theater space in terms of LFE channels, etc. Am beginning to quickly put together a better picture.
No problem buddy. You are a quick learner!
Quote:
Originally Posted by
scbartling 
I was pretty confused, but the information you provide helped me get started on understanding this better. Thanks for your patience and for taking the time to respond in great detail.
- Steven
Again, no problem. These forums are a great way of exchanging ideas and information aren't they!