I have no idea why you're getting a low volume when going optical from cable box to receiver.
In general, when HDMI is involved on the receiver side, you are intended to go from source (box) to receiver to TV.
TVs typically don't output the audio through their digital output, unless the TVs tuner is doing the reception. Thus, off-air HDTV tuned by the TV might feed its audio out the TV digital out, but the cable box data coming in through HDMI won't.
In general, when HDMI is involved on the receiver side, you are intended to go from source (box) to receiver to TV.
TVs typically don't output the audio through their digital output, unless the TVs tuner is doing the reception. Thus, off-air HDTV tuned by the TV might feed its audio out the TV digital out, but the cable box data coming in through HDMI won't.