The real book that goes along with this movie is a real page-turner short novel called "Who Goes There?" published in 1938 by John W. Campbell, Jr. (under the pen name Don A. Stuart):
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/m.hodder/whogoes.html
Aside from a slightly different ending, the John Carpenter film
The Thing is a fairly exact adaption that uses the same characters and even entire lines of dialogue straight from the book.
If you are a fan of the movie, read the original story to gain even more appreciation. John W. Campbell, Jr. went on to edit the greatest SF magazine of all time,
Astounding Science Fiction, which in turn created SF's "Golden Age" and spawned all those incredible SF "B" movies of the '50's and '60's.
It is kind of astounding that lines written in 1938 can be made into a great SF film 44 years later and are still recognized as quality work today, 22 years after the film was made and 66 years after the book was published.
Gary